diff --git a/scanner/filegraph.go b/scanner/filegraph.go
index 498d4b8..accdcd7 100644
--- a/scanner/filegraph.go
+++ b/scanner/filegraph.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"os"
+	pathpkg "path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
@@ -706,6 +707,15 @@ func tryExactMatch(path string, idx *fileIndex, sourceLanguage string) []string
 	if idx.byExact[path] == 1 && languagesCompatible(sourceLanguage, DetectLanguage(path)) {
 		return []string{path}
 	}
+	// Under ESM and NodeNext, TypeScript requires the specifier to name the
+	// emitted JavaScript file, so "./helper.js" is written in a file whose
+	// only on-disk counterpart is helper.ts. The specifier already carries an
+	// extension, so appending one below never matches and the edge was lost.
+	for _, candidate := range typescriptSourceCandidates(path, sourceLanguage) {
+		if idx.byExact[candidate] == 1 && languagesCompatible(sourceLanguage, DetectLanguage(candidate)) {
+			return []string{candidate}
+		}
+	}
 	for _, ext := range resolverExtensions[:len(resolverExtensions)-1] {
 		candidate := path + ext
 		if idx.byExact[candidate] == 1 && languagesCompatible(sourceLanguage, DetectLanguage(candidate)) {
@@ -716,6 +726,38 @@ func tryExactMatch(path string, idx *fileIndex, sourceLanguage string) []string
 	return nil
 }
 
+// typescriptEmitExtensions maps an emitted JavaScript extension to the
+// TypeScript sources that produce it, in the order the compiler prefers.
+//
+// ".mjs" and ".cjs" are deliberately absent: they emit from ".mts" and
+// ".cts", which are not recognized source extensions here, so the scanner
+// never indexes such a file and a mapping for them would be unreachable code
+// that looks like support. Adding those extensions is a separate change.
+var typescriptEmitExtensions = map[string][]string{
+	".js":  {".ts", ".tsx", ".d.ts"},
+	".jsx": {".tsx", ".d.ts"},
+}
+
+// typescriptSourceCandidates returns the TypeScript files a JavaScript
+// specifier may name. It applies only to JS-family importers, and only when
+// the specifier already carries an emitted extension: for anything else the
+// ordinary extension-appending search is correct and this returns nothing.
+func typescriptSourceCandidates(path, sourceLanguage string) []string {
+	if !isJavaScriptLanguage(sourceLanguage) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	sources, emitted := typescriptEmitExtensions[strings.ToLower(pathpkg.Ext(path))]
+	if !emitted {
+		return nil
+	}
+	stem := strings.TrimSuffix(path, pathpkg.Ext(path))
+	candidates := make([]string, 0, len(sources))
+	for _, ext := range sources {
+		candidates = append(candidates, stem+ext)
+	}
+	return candidates
+}
+
 // trySuffixMatch finds files where the path ends with the normalized import
 func trySuffixMatch(normalized string, idx *fileIndex, sourceLanguage string) []string {
 	for _, ext := range resolverExtensions {
diff --git a/scanner/tsesm_test.go b/scanner/tsesm_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e29f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scanner/tsesm_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package scanner
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// Under ESM and NodeNext, TypeScript requires the specifier to name the
+// emitted JavaScript file, so "./helper.js" appears in a project whose only
+// on-disk counterpart is helper.ts. The specifier already carries an
+// extension, so the extension-appending search never matched and most imports
+// in such a project were lost.
+func TestTypeScriptESMSpecifiersResolve(t *testing.T) {
+	graph, err := BuildFileGraph(context.Background(), "../testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers", Filters{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build typescript fixture graph: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		file string
+		want []string
+		why  string
+	}{
+		{"src/helper.ts", []string{"src/a_js_to_ts.ts", "src/d_extensionless.ts"}, "./helper.js and ./helper both reach helper.ts"},
+		{"src/widget.tsx", []string{"src/b_jsx_to_tsx.ts"}, "./widget.jsx reaches widget.tsx"},
+		// A real .js file must win over a same-named .ts: the specifier names
+		// a file that exists, so rewriting it to TypeScript would be a wrong
+		// edge rather than a missing one.
+		{"src/real.js", []string{"src/c_real_js_wins.ts"}, "an existing .js beats the .ts counterpart"},
+		{"src/real.ts", nil, "the .ts counterpart must not steal the edge"},
+	} {
+		got := append([]string(nil), graph.Importers[tc.file]...)
+		sort.Strings(got)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.want) {
+			t.Errorf("%s importers = %v, want exactly %v (%s)", tc.file, got, tc.want, tc.why)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// A specifier naming a file that exists in neither form resolves to nothing.
+func TestTypeScriptESMMissingSpecifierResolvesToNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	graph, err := BuildFileGraph(context.Background(), "../testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers", Filters{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build typescript fixture graph: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := graph.Imports["src/e_missing.ts"]; len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("src/e_missing.ts imports = %v, want none", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypeScriptSourceCandidates(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name     string
+		path     string
+		language string
+		want     []string
+	}{
+		{"js maps to ts, tsx and a declaration", "src/helper.js", "typescript",
+			[]string{"src/helper.ts", "src/helper.tsx", "src/helper.d.ts"}},
+		{"jsx maps to tsx", "src/widget.jsx", "typescript", []string{"src/widget.tsx", "src/widget.d.ts"}},
+		{"javascript importers get the same mapping", "src/helper.js", "javascript",
+			[]string{"src/helper.ts", "src/helper.tsx", "src/helper.d.ts"}},
+		{"uppercase extension still maps", "src/helper.JS", "typescript",
+			[]string{"src/helper.ts", "src/helper.tsx", "src/helper.d.ts"}},
+		// Anything without an emitted extension is the ordinary
+		// extension-appending search's job, not this one's.
+		{"extensionless is left alone", "src/helper", "typescript", nil},
+		{"a ts specifier is left alone", "src/helper.ts", "typescript", nil},
+		// mts and cts are not recognized source extensions, so mjs and cjs
+		// deliberately map to nothing rather than to files that can never be
+		// indexed.
+		{"mjs has no reachable counterpart", "src/mod.mjs", "typescript", nil},
+		{"cjs has no reachable counterpart", "src/mod.cjs", "typescript", nil},
+		// Only JS-family importers use TypeScript emit semantics.
+		{"go importers are left alone", "src/helper.js", "go", nil},
+		{"python importers are left alone", "src/helper.js", "python", nil},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := typescriptSourceCandidates(tc.path, tc.language)
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("typescriptSourceCandidates(%q, %q) = %v, want %v", tc.path, tc.language, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/a_js_to_ts.ts b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/a_js_to_ts.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3319b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/a_js_to_ts.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import { helper } from "./helper.js";
+export function a(): string { return helper(); }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/b_jsx_to_tsx.ts b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/b_jsx_to_tsx.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8b666d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/b_jsx_to_tsx.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import { widget } from "./widget.jsx";
+export function b(): string { return widget(); }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/c_real_js_wins.ts b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/c_real_js_wins.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b37fc84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/c_real_js_wins.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import { real } from "./real.js";
+export function c(): string { return real(); }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/d_extensionless.ts b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/d_extensionless.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75c96bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/d_extensionless.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import { helper } from "./helper";
+export function d(): string { return helper(); }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/e_missing.ts b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/e_missing.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50520a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/e_missing.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import { nothing } from "./absent.js";
+export function e(): string { return nothing; }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/helper.ts b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/helper.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5365dc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/helper.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export function helper(): string { return "h"; }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/real.js b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/real.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14e58e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/real.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export function real() { return "js"; }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/real.ts b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/real.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d1b73c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/real.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export function real(): string { return "ts"; }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/widget.tsx b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/widget.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a703a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/src/widget.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export function widget(): string { return "w"; }
diff --git a/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/tsconfig.json b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3d6864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/typescript-esm-specifiers/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"compilerOptions":{"module":"NodeNext","moduleResolution":"NodeNext"}}