diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 11cb5a6..173c0ea 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,5 +9,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ### Changed
 
+- Clarified immutability guidance for emitted CTRF report artifacts ([#55](https://github.com/ctrf-io/ctrf/pull/55)).
 - Clarified `tags` as simple keyless classifications and `labels` as structured key-value test metadata ([#54](https://github.com/ctrf-io/ctrf/pull/54)).
 - Allowed non-empty arrays of strings, numbers, and booleans as label values ([#54](https://github.com/ctrf-io/ctrf/pull/54)).
diff --git a/spec/ctrf.md b/spec/ctrf.md
index 3a821ea..21f123b 100644
--- a/spec/ctrf.md
+++ b/spec/ctrf.md
@@ -238,6 +238,26 @@ As long as the document structure and semantics are respected, CTRF does not con
 
 ---
 
+### 2.11. Immutable Report Artifacts
+
+CTRF treats an emitted report as an immutable artifact.
+
+A CTRF document represents a snapshot of test results at the time it is produced. Implementations are free to build or transform documents internally before emission, but once a CTRF document has been written, published, or otherwise made available as an artifact, it is treated as a fixed record.
+
+Immutability supports:
+
+- auditability of test results
+- reproducibility of analysis
+- stable caching and artifact storage
+- compatibility with hashing, signing, and deduplication
+- clear separation between raw results and derived results
+
+When a tool or system performs additional processing after initial report generation — such as merging shard reports, adding metadata, or computing insights — the design intent is that this produces a new CTRF document and, when `reportId` is used, assigns a different `reportId` value, rather than modifying the original.
+
+This distinction between the act of constructing a report and the resulting artifact as an immutable record is central to how CTRF is designed to be used in pipelines, artifact stores, and analysis systems.
+
+---
+
 ## 3. Terminology
 
 The key words **MUST**, **MUST NOT**, **REQUIRED**, **SHALL**, **SHALL NOT**,  
@@ -405,6 +425,8 @@ A unique identifier for this report instance.
 `reportId` is OPTIONAL.  
 If present, it MUST be a valid UUID as defined in [RFC4122].
 
+Each emitted CTRF document represents a distinct report instance. If a new CTRF document is produced through post-processing, it SHOULD use a different `reportId` value than the source document when `reportId` is used.
+
 ---
 
 ### 5.4. `timestamp`
@@ -1770,6 +1792,8 @@ Producers SHOULD:
 - provide timestamps  
 - provide environment/build metadata  
 - provide diagnostics when available  
+- treat emitted CTRF documents as immutable artifacts
+- emit a new CTRF document when performing post-processing after initial report generation and, when `reportId` is used, assign a different `reportId` value rather than modifying an emitted CTRF document
 
 ---
 
@@ -1784,6 +1808,8 @@ Consumers:
 - MUST NOT require optional fields to be present
 - MUST NOT assume the presence of `insights`
 - SHOULD compute insights when sufficient historical data is available
+- SHOULD assume that CTRF documents are immutable once emitted
+- MUST NOT rely on in-place modification of existing reports
 
 ---