From 07e9b97e1caad3caaa8f6ebe982532d65920f376 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: andig <cpuidle@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2026 14:23:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] feat: votes on explanations, stored with the plan in an Azure
 table

The service stays stateless until a user votes. /optimize/explain/feedback takes the explain
payload plus the explanation, the vote and a comment, and stores that as one row in the table
explanations of the storage account stoptimizerfeedback.
---
 client/client.gen.go      | 199 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 infra/main.bicep          |  39 +++++++
 openapi.yaml              |  57 ++++++++++
 pyproject.toml            |   2 +
 src/optimizer/app.py      |  45 +++++++-
 src/optimizer/feedback.py |  98 ++++++++++++++++
 src/optimizer/settings.py |   7 ++
 tests/conftest.py         |  50 +++++++++
 tests/test_explain.py     |  47 +-------
 tests/test_feedback.py    |  89 +++++++++++++++
 uv.lock                   | 227 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 11 files changed, 808 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/optimizer/feedback.py
 create mode 100644 tests/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 tests/test_feedback.py

diff --git a/client/client.gen.go b/client/client.gen.go
index 0a842ef56..e53ab4dd4 100644
--- a/client/client.gen.go
+++ b/client/client.gen.go
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
+// Defines values for ExplainFeedbackVote.
+const (
+	Down ExplainFeedbackVote = "down"
+	Up   ExplainFeedbackVote = "up"
+)
+
 // Defines values for OptimizationResultFlowDirection.
 const (
 	N0 OptimizationResultFlowDirection = 0
@@ -122,6 +128,41 @@ type Error struct {
 	Message string `json:"message,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// ExplainFeedback defines model for ExplainFeedback.
+type ExplainFeedback struct {
+	// Comment What was wrong or missing, optional
+	Comment string `json:"comment,omitempty"`
+
+	// Currency Currency of the prices
+	Currency string `json:"currency,omitempty"`
+
+	// Details Request details as evcc publishes them in its state, a timestamp per step and batteryDetails with title, type and capacity per battery
+	Details struct {
+		BatteryDetails []struct {
+			// Capacity kWh
+			Capacity float32 `json:"capacity,omitempty"`
+			Name     string  `json:"name,omitempty"`
+			Title    string  `json:"title,omitempty"`
+			Type     string  `json:"type,omitempty"`
+		} `json:"batteryDetails,omitempty"`
+		Timestamp []time.Time `json:"timestamp,omitempty"`
+	} `json:"details,omitempty"`
+
+	// Explanation The explanation as returned by /optimize/explain
+	Explanation string `json:"explanation"`
+
+	// Language Language of the explanation as an IETF tag
+	Language string             `json:"language,omitempty"`
+	Req      OptimizationInput  `json:"req"`
+	Res      OptimizationResult `json:"res"`
+
+	// Vote Whether the explanation helped
+	Vote ExplainFeedbackVote `json:"vote"`
+}
+
+// ExplainFeedbackVote Whether the explanation helped
+type ExplainFeedbackVote string
+
 // ExplainInput defines model for ExplainInput.
 type ExplainInput struct {
 	// Currency Currency of the prices
@@ -296,6 +337,9 @@ type PostOptimizeChargeScheduleJSONRequestBody = OptimizationInput
 // PostOptimizeExplainJSONRequestBody defines body for PostOptimizeExplain for application/json ContentType.
 type PostOptimizeExplainJSONRequestBody = ExplainInput
 
+// PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackJSONRequestBody defines body for PostOptimizeExplainFeedback for application/json ContentType.
+type PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackJSONRequestBody = ExplainFeedback
+
 // RequestEditorFn  is the function signature for the RequestEditor callback function
 type RequestEditorFn func(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request) error
 
@@ -379,6 +423,11 @@ type ClientInterface interface {
 
 	PostOptimizeExplain(ctx context.Context, body PostOptimizeExplainJSONRequestBody, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)
 
+	// PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBody request with any body
+	PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBody(ctx context.Context, contentType string, body io.Reader, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)
+
+	PostOptimizeExplainFeedback(ctx context.Context, body PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackJSONRequestBody, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)
+
 	// GetOptimizeHealth request
 	GetOptimizeHealth(ctx context.Context, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)
 }
@@ -431,6 +480,30 @@ func (c *Client) PostOptimizeExplain(ctx context.Context, body PostOptimizeExpla
 	return c.Client.Do(req)
 }
 
+func (c *Client) PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBody(ctx context.Context, contentType string, body io.Reader, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error) {
+	req, err := NewPostOptimizeExplainFeedbackRequestWithBody(c.Server, contentType, body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req = req.WithContext(ctx)
+	if err := c.applyEditors(ctx, req, reqEditors); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return c.Client.Do(req)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) PostOptimizeExplainFeedback(ctx context.Context, body PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackJSONRequestBody, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error) {
+	req, err := NewPostOptimizeExplainFeedbackRequest(c.Server, body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req = req.WithContext(ctx)
+	if err := c.applyEditors(ctx, req, reqEditors); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return c.Client.Do(req)
+}
+
 func (c *Client) GetOptimizeHealth(ctx context.Context, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error) {
 	req, err := NewGetOptimizeHealthRequest(c.Server)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -523,6 +596,46 @@ func NewPostOptimizeExplainRequestWithBody(server string, contentType string, bo
 	return req, nil
 }
 
+// NewPostOptimizeExplainFeedbackRequest calls the generic PostOptimizeExplainFeedback builder with application/json body
+func NewPostOptimizeExplainFeedbackRequest(server string, body PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackJSONRequestBody) (*http.Request, error) {
+	var bodyReader io.Reader
+	buf, err := json.Marshal(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	bodyReader = bytes.NewReader(buf)
+	return NewPostOptimizeExplainFeedbackRequestWithBody(server, "application/json", bodyReader)
+}
+
+// NewPostOptimizeExplainFeedbackRequestWithBody generates requests for PostOptimizeExplainFeedback with any type of body
+func NewPostOptimizeExplainFeedbackRequestWithBody(server string, contentType string, body io.Reader) (*http.Request, error) {
+	var err error
+
+	serverURL, err := url.Parse(server)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	operationPath := fmt.Sprintf("/optimize/explain/feedback")
+	if operationPath[0] == '/' {
+		operationPath = "." + operationPath
+	}
+
+	queryURL, err := serverURL.Parse(operationPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", queryURL.String(), body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", contentType)
+
+	return req, nil
+}
+
 // NewGetOptimizeHealthRequest generates requests for GetOptimizeHealth
 func NewGetOptimizeHealthRequest(server string) (*http.Request, error) {
 	var err error
@@ -603,6 +716,11 @@ type ClientWithResponsesInterface interface {
 
 	PostOptimizeExplainWithResponse(ctx context.Context, body PostOptimizeExplainJSONRequestBody, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*PostOptimizeExplainResponse, error)
 
+	// PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBodyWithResponse request with any body
+	PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBodyWithResponse(ctx context.Context, contentType string, body io.Reader, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse, error)
+
+	PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithResponse(ctx context.Context, body PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackJSONRequestBody, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse, error)
+
 	// GetOptimizeHealthWithResponse request
 	GetOptimizeHealthWithResponse(ctx context.Context, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*GetOptimizeHealthResponse, error)
 }
@@ -656,6 +774,30 @@ func (r PostOptimizeExplainResponse) StatusCode() int {
 	return 0
 }
 
+type PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse struct {
+	Body         []byte
+	HTTPResponse *http.Response
+	JSON400      *Error
+	JSON502      *Error
+	JSON503      *Error
+}
+
+// Status returns HTTPResponse.Status
+func (r PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse) Status() string {
+	if r.HTTPResponse != nil {
+		return r.HTTPResponse.Status
+	}
+	return http.StatusText(0)
+}
+
+// StatusCode returns HTTPResponse.StatusCode
+func (r PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse) StatusCode() int {
+	if r.HTTPResponse != nil {
+		return r.HTTPResponse.StatusCode
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
 type GetOptimizeHealthResponse struct {
 	Body         []byte
 	HTTPResponse *http.Response
@@ -715,6 +857,23 @@ func (c *ClientWithResponses) PostOptimizeExplainWithResponse(ctx context.Contex
 	return ParsePostOptimizeExplainResponse(rsp)
 }
 
+// PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBodyWithResponse request with arbitrary body returning *PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse
+func (c *ClientWithResponses) PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBodyWithResponse(ctx context.Context, contentType string, body io.Reader, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse, error) {
+	rsp, err := c.PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithBody(ctx, contentType, body, reqEditors...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ParsePostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse(rsp)
+}
+
+func (c *ClientWithResponses) PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithResponse(ctx context.Context, body PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackJSONRequestBody, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse, error) {
+	rsp, err := c.PostOptimizeExplainFeedback(ctx, body, reqEditors...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ParsePostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse(rsp)
+}
+
 // GetOptimizeHealthWithResponse request returning *GetOptimizeHealthResponse
 func (c *ClientWithResponses) GetOptimizeHealthWithResponse(ctx context.Context, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*GetOptimizeHealthResponse, error) {
 	rsp, err := c.GetOptimizeHealth(ctx, reqEditors...)
@@ -811,6 +970,46 @@ func ParsePostOptimizeExplainResponse(rsp *http.Response) (*PostOptimizeExplainR
 	return response, nil
 }
 
+// ParsePostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse parses an HTTP response from a PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackWithResponse call
+func ParsePostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse(rsp *http.Response) (*PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse, error) {
+	bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(rsp.Body)
+	defer func() { _ = rsp.Body.Close() }()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	response := &PostOptimizeExplainFeedbackResponse{
+		Body:         bodyBytes,
+		HTTPResponse: rsp,
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	case strings.Contains(rsp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), "json") && rsp.StatusCode == 400:
+		var dest Error
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &dest); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		response.JSON400 = &dest
+
+	case strings.Contains(rsp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), "json") && rsp.StatusCode == 502:
+		var dest Error
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &dest); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		response.JSON502 = &dest
+
+	case strings.Contains(rsp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), "json") && rsp.StatusCode == 503:
+		var dest Error
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &dest); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		response.JSON503 = &dest
+
+	}
+
+	return response, nil
+}
+
 // ParseGetOptimizeHealthResponse parses an HTTP response from a GetOptimizeHealthWithResponse call
 func ParseGetOptimizeHealthResponse(rsp *http.Response) (*GetOptimizeHealthResponse, error) {
 	bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(rsp.Body)
diff --git a/infra/main.bicep b/infra/main.bicep
index 0a64c1672..ba16b8b61 100644
--- a/infra/main.bicep
+++ b/infra/main.bicep
@@ -28,6 +28,43 @@ resource logAnalytics 'Microsoft.OperationalInsights/workspaces@2025-02-01' = {
   }
 }
 
+// explanations and the votes on them, read by the prompt tuning skill. Table storage: one
+// entity per explanation, a few thousand a month, no server to run.
+resource feedbackStorage 'Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts@2023-05-01' = {
+  name: 'stoptimizerfeedback'
+  location: location
+  kind: 'StorageV2'
+  sku: {
+    name: 'Standard_LRS'
+  }
+  properties: {
+    minimumTlsVersion: 'TLS1_2'
+    allowBlobPublicAccess: false
+    supportsHttpsTrafficOnly: true
+  }
+}
+
+resource feedbackTables 'Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/tableServices@2023-05-01' = {
+  parent: feedbackStorage
+  name: 'default'
+}
+
+resource feedbackTable 'Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/tableServices/tables@2023-05-01' = {
+  parent: feedbackTables
+  name: 'explanations'
+}
+
+// Storage Table Data Contributor for the container app's managed identity
+resource feedbackWriter 'Microsoft.Authorization/roleAssignments@2022-04-01' = {
+  name: guid(feedbackStorage.id, containerApp.id, 'table-data-contributor')
+  scope: feedbackStorage
+  properties: {
+    roleDefinitionId: subscriptionResourceId('Microsoft.Authorization/roleDefinitions', '0a9a7e1f-b9d0-4cc4-a60d-0319b160aebd')
+    principalId: containerApp.identity.principalId
+    principalType: 'ServicePrincipal'
+  }
+}
+
 @description('Custom hostname served by the container app')
 param customHostname string = 'optimizer.evcc.io'
 
@@ -127,6 +164,8 @@ resource containerApp 'Microsoft.App/containerApps@2025-01-01' = {
             // plan explanations, /optimize/explain
             { name: 'OPTIMIZER_AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT', value: 'https://evcc-ai-resource.cognitiveservices.azure.com/' }
             { name: 'OPTIMIZER_AZURE_OPENAI_KEY', secretRef: 'azure-openai-key' }
+            // explanations and votes, /optimize/explain/feedback, written with the managed identity
+            { name: 'OPTIMIZER_FEEDBACK_TABLE_ENDPOINT', value: feedbackStorage.properties.primaryEndpoints.table }
           ]
           probes: [
             {
diff --git a/openapi.yaml b/openapi.yaml
index dc6461039..51dc82b5e 100644
--- a/openapi.yaml
+++ b/openapi.yaml
@@ -168,6 +168,44 @@ paths:
               schema:
                 $ref: "#/components/schemas/Error"
 
+  /optimize/explain/feedback:
+    post:
+      tags:
+        - optimization
+      summary: Vote on an explanation
+      description: |
+        Stores a thumbs up or down and an optional comment together with the plan and the explanation
+        /optimize/explain gave for it, to improve the prompt. Nothing is stored until a user votes.
+
+        The endpoint is only available where the service is configured with a feedback store.
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/ExplainFeedback"
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: The vote was stored
+        "400":
+          description: Bad request - plan, explanation or vote missing or malformed
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Error"
+        "502":
+          description: The feedback store could not be reached
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Error"
+        "503":
+          description: Feedback is not configured on this service
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Error"
+
   /optimize/health:
     get:
       tags:
@@ -566,6 +604,25 @@ components:
           type: string
           description: Explanation of the plan, markdown
 
+    ExplainFeedback:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/ExplainInput"
+        - type: object
+          required:
+            - explanation
+            - vote
+          properties:
+            explanation:
+              type: string
+              description: The explanation as returned by /optimize/explain
+            vote:
+              type: string
+              enum: [up, down]
+              description: Whether the explanation helped
+            comment:
+              type: string
+              description: What was wrong or missing, optional
+
     Error:
       type: object
       properties:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 6c24d2fe6..7f4090cc8 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 authors = [{ name = "andig", email = "andi@evcc.io" }, { name = "ekke" }]
 requires-python = "~=3.13.0"
 dependencies = [
+    "azure-data-tables>=12.7.0",
+    "azure-identity>=1.26.0",
     "flask>=3.0.3",
     "flask-restx>=1.3.0",
     "gunicorn>=22.0.0",
diff --git a/src/optimizer/app.py b/src/optimizer/app.py
index fda7f6f9d..b761a06b8 100644
--- a/src/optimizer/app.py
+++ b/src/optimizer/app.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from flask_restx import Api, Resource, fields
 from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest
 
-from . import explain
+from . import explain, feedback
 from .optimizer import CHARGING_STRATEGIES, DISCHARGING_STRATEGIES, BatteryConfig, GridConfig, OptimizationStrategy, Optimizer, TimeSeriesData
 from .settings import OptimizerSettings
 
@@ -390,6 +390,21 @@ def log():
     'explanation': fields.String(description='Explanation of the plan, markdown'),
 })
 
+explain_feedback_model = api.inherit('ExplainFeedback', explain_input_model, {
+    'explanation': fields.String(required=True, description='The explanation as returned by /optimize/explain'),
+    'vote': fields.String(required=True, enum=['up', 'down'], description='Whether the explanation helped'),
+    'comment': fields.String(required=False, description='What was wrong or missing, optional'),
+})
+
+
+def plan_payload():
+    """The validated payload; the result model documents its fields but requires none of them."""
+    data = api.payload
+    for key in ('status', 'batteries'):
+        if key not in data['res']:
+            api.abort(400, f"res.{key} is a required property")
+    return data
+
 
 @ns.route('/explain')
 class ExplainPlan(Resource):
@@ -404,11 +419,7 @@ def post(self):
         if not settings.azure_openai_endpoint or not settings.azure_openai_key:
             api.abort(503, "Plan explanations are not configured")
 
-        data = api.payload
-        # the result model documents its fields but requires none of them
-        for key in ('status', 'batteries'):
-            if key not in data['res']:
-                api.abort(400, f"res.{key} is a required property")
+        data = plan_payload()
 
         started = time.perf_counter()
         try:
@@ -427,6 +438,28 @@ def post(self):
         return {'explanation': text}
 
 
+@ns.route('/explain/feedback')
+class ExplainFeedback(Resource):
+    @api.expect(explain_feedback_model, validate=True)
+    def post(self):
+        """
+        Vote on an explanation
+
+        Stores the plan, the explanation it got and the thumbs up or down with an optional comment.
+        Nothing is stored until a user votes.
+        """
+        if not feedback.configured(settings):
+            api.abort(503, "Explanation feedback is not configured")
+
+        data = plan_payload()
+        try:
+            feedback.store(settings, data, explain.digest(data), explain.SYSTEM_PROMPT, g.get('subject'))
+        except Exception as e:
+            api.abort(502, f"feedback not stored: {str(e)[:200]}")
+
+        return {}
+
+
 @ns.route('/health')
 class Health(Resource):
     def get(self):
diff --git a/src/optimizer/feedback.py b/src/optimizer/feedback.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afbbc0927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/optimizer/feedback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+"""Explanations a user voted on, in an Azure table, the raw material for tuning the prompt.
+
+Nothing is stored for an explanation by itself: the service stays stateless until the user votes.
+The vote brings the explain payload and the answer back, and one entity keeps what the model saw
+(the digest), which prompt and model, the answer, the vote and a few plan features to group by.
+PartitionKey is the month of the vote.
+"""
+import gzip
+import hashlib
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+
+from azure.data.tables import TableClient
+from azure.identity import DefaultAzureCredential
+
+TABLE = 'explanations'
+
+# a string or binary property holds 64 KiB at most, the digest of a long horizon is larger
+CHUNK = 60_000
+
+
+def configured(settings):
+    return bool(settings.feedback_connection_string or settings.feedback_table_endpoint)
+
+
+def table(settings):
+    if settings.feedback_connection_string:
+        return TableClient.from_connection_string(settings.feedback_connection_string, TABLE)
+    return TableClient(settings.feedback_table_endpoint, TABLE, credential=DefaultAzureCredential())
+
+
+def subject_hash(subject):
+    """Account pseudonym: lets one voter's rows be grouped or removed without naming the account."""
+    return hashlib.sha256(subject.encode()).hexdigest()[:16] if subject else None
+
+
+def prompt_hash(prompt):
+    return hashlib.sha256(prompt.encode()).hexdigest()[:12]
+
+
+def pack(text):
+    """gzip the text and split it into properties digest0..digestN below the property size limit."""
+    data = gzip.compress(text.encode())
+    parts = [data[i:i + CHUNK] for i in range(0, len(data), CHUNK)] or [b'']
+    return {'digestParts': len(parts), **{f'digest{i}': part for i, part in enumerate(parts)}}
+
+
+def unpack(entity):
+    data = b''.join(bytes(entity[f'digest{i}']) for i in range(entity.get('digestParts', 0)))
+    return gzip.decompress(data).decode() if data else ''
+
+
+def features(payload):
+    """Plan features worth grouping votes by."""
+    req, res = payload['req'], payload['res']
+    details = payload.get('details') or {}
+    kinds = [d.get('type') for d in details.get('batteryDetails') or []]
+    return {
+        'status': res.get('status'),
+        'steps': len(req['time_series']['dt']),
+        'horizonHours': round(sum(req['time_series']['dt']) / 3600),
+        'vehicles': kinds.count('vehicle'),
+        'batteries': kinds.count('battery'),
+        'strategy': (req.get('strategy') or {}).get('charging_strategy'),
+        'departure': any(b.get('r_departure') for b in req['batteries']),
+        'goals': any(any(v > 0 for v in b.get('s_goal') or []) for b in req['batteries']),
+        'demands': any(any(v > 0 for v in b.get('p_demand') or []) for b in req['batteries']),
+    }
+
+
+def store(settings, payload, digest, prompt, subject=None):
+    """Store a vote with the explanation it was given on. payload is the explain payload plus
+    explanation, vote and comment."""
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+    entity = {
+        'PartitionKey': f'{now:%Y-%m}',
+        'RowKey': uuid.uuid4().hex,
+        'created': now,
+        'language': payload.get('language') or 'en',
+        'promptHash': prompt_hash(prompt),
+        'model': settings.azure_openai_deployment,
+        'answer': payload['explanation'],
+        'vote': payload['vote'],
+        'comment': (payload.get('comment') or '')[:4000],
+        'subject': subject_hash(subject),
+        **features(payload),
+        **pack(digest),
+    }
+    table(settings).create_entity(entity)
+
+
+def rows(settings, since=None):
+    """All votes, oldest first, with the digest unpacked. since limits to months from YYYY-MM on."""
+    query = f"PartitionKey ge '{since}'" if since else None
+    for entity in table(settings).query_entities(query) if query else table(settings).list_entities():
+        row = {k: v for k, v in entity.items() if not k.startswith('digest')}
+        row['digest'] = unpack(entity)
+        yield row
diff --git a/src/optimizer/settings.py b/src/optimizer/settings.py
index 0e418308b..690dec7fa 100644
--- a/src/optimizer/settings.py
+++ b/src/optimizer/settings.py
@@ -46,3 +46,10 @@ class OptimizerSettings(BaseSettings):
                                                           "https://name.openai.azure.com/. Unset disables /optimize/explain")
     azure_openai_deployment: str = Field(default="gpt-6-luna", description="Deployment name of the chat model behind /optimize/explain")
     azure_openai_key: str | None = Field(default=None, description="API key of the Azure OpenAI resource")
+    feedback_table_endpoint: str | None = Field(default=None,
+                                                description="Azure table service the explanations and the votes on them are stored in, "
+                                                            "such as https://name.table.core.windows.net, accessed with the managed identity. "
+                                                            "Unset without a connection string disables /optimize/explain/feedback")
+    feedback_connection_string: str | None = Field(default=None,
+                                                   description="Storage account connection string for the explanations table, for "
+                                                               "local runs and Azurite. Takes precedence over the endpoint")
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c0a46230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""Fixtures shared by the explain and feedback tests."""
+import pytest
+
+from optimizer.app import settings
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def payload():
+    # four quarter hours and one full hour, soc read at the end of each hour
+    return {
+        'req': {
+            'batteries': [{
+                's_min': 0, 's_max': 10000, 's_initial': 5000,
+                'c_min': 0, 'c_max': 5000, 'd_max': 5000, 'p_a': 0.0002,
+                'charge_from_grid': True,
+            }],
+            'time_series': {
+                'dt': [900, 900, 900, 900, 3600],
+                'gt': [250, 250, 250, 250, 1000],
+                'ft': [0, 0, 0, 0, 2000],
+                'p_N': [0.0003, 0.0003, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0002],
+                'p_E': [0.0001] * 5,
+            },
+        },
+        'res': {
+            'status': 'Optimal',
+            'objective_value': -1.5,
+            'batteries': [{
+                'charging_power': [0, 0, 1250, 1250, 0],
+                'discharging_power': [250, 250, 0, 0, 0],
+                'state_of_charge': [4750, 4500, 5750, 7000, 7000],
+            }],
+            'grid_import': [0, 0, 1500, 1500, 0],
+            'grid_export': [0, 0, 0, 0, 1000],
+        },
+        'details': {
+            'timestamp': ['2026-10-15T10:00:00+02:00', '2026-10-15T10:15:00+02:00', '2026-10-15T10:30:00+02:00',
+                          '2026-10-15T10:45:00+02:00', '2026-10-15T11:00:00+02:00'],
+            'batteryDetails': [{'name': 'bat', 'title': 'Home battery', 'type': 'battery', 'capacity': 10}],
+        },
+        'currency': 'EUR',
+        'language': 'de',
+    }
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def configured(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, 'azure_openai_endpoint', 'https://example.invalid/')
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, 'azure_openai_key', 'test-key')
+
diff --git a/tests/test_explain.py b/tests/test_explain.py
index 14105ad57..224ad4f43 100644
--- a/tests/test_explain.py
+++ b/tests/test_explain.py
@@ -4,51 +4,6 @@
 from optimizer.app import app, settings
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
-def payload():
-    # four quarter hours and one full hour, soc read at the end of each hour
-    return {
-        'req': {
-            'batteries': [{
-                's_min': 0, 's_max': 10000, 's_initial': 5000,
-                'c_min': 0, 'c_max': 5000, 'd_max': 5000, 'p_a': 0.0002,
-                'charge_from_grid': True,
-            }],
-            'time_series': {
-                'dt': [900, 900, 900, 900, 3600],
-                'gt': [250, 250, 250, 250, 1000],
-                'ft': [0, 0, 0, 0, 2000],
-                'p_N': [0.0003, 0.0003, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0002],
-                'p_E': [0.0001] * 5,
-            },
-        },
-        'res': {
-            'status': 'Optimal',
-            'objective_value': -1.5,
-            'batteries': [{
-                'charging_power': [0, 0, 1250, 1250, 0],
-                'discharging_power': [250, 250, 0, 0, 0],
-                'state_of_charge': [4750, 4500, 5750, 7000, 7000],
-            }],
-            'grid_import': [0, 0, 1500, 1500, 0],
-            'grid_export': [0, 0, 0, 0, 1000],
-        },
-        'details': {
-            'timestamp': ['2026-10-15T10:00:00+02:00', '2026-10-15T10:15:00+02:00', '2026-10-15T10:30:00+02:00',
-                          '2026-10-15T10:45:00+02:00', '2026-10-15T11:00:00+02:00'],
-            'batteryDetails': [{'name': 'bat', 'title': 'Home battery', 'type': 'battery', 'capacity': 10}],
-        },
-        'currency': 'EUR',
-        'language': 'de',
-    }
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def configured(monkeypatch):
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, 'azure_openai_endpoint', 'https://example.invalid/')
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, 'azure_openai_key', 'test-key')
-
-
 def test_step_labels_without_timestamps_count_from_the_start(payload):
     assert explain.step_labels(payload['req']['time_series']['dt']) == ['+0:00', '+0:15', '+0:30', '+0:45', '+1:00', '+2:00']
 
@@ -116,7 +71,7 @@ def fake_chat(_settings, messages):
     response = app.test_client().post('/optimize/explain', json=payload)
 
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.json
-    assert response.json == {'explanation': 'Because the price drops at 10:30.'}
+    assert response.json['explanation'] == 'Because the price drops at 10:30.'
     system, user = seen['messages']
     assert system['content'] == explain.SYSTEM_PROMPT + '\nAnswer in the language with IETF tag de.'
     assert 'today 10:00 | 15 | 30.0' in user['content']
diff --git a/tests/test_feedback.py b/tests/test_feedback.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49ecdca39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_feedback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import pytest
+
+from optimizer import explain, feedback
+from optimizer.app import app, settings
+
+
+class FakeTable:
+    """The two table calls the module makes, on a list."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.rows = []
+
+    def create_entity(self, entity):
+        self.rows.append(dict(entity))
+
+    def list_entities(self):
+        return list(self.rows)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def store(monkeypatch):
+    fake = FakeTable()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, 'feedback_connection_string', 'UseDevelopmentStorage=true')
+    monkeypatch.setattr(feedback, 'table', lambda _settings: fake)
+    return fake
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def voted(payload):
+    return {**payload, 'explanation': 'because', 'vote': 'down', 'comment': 'wrong time'}
+
+
+def test_pack_round_trips_long_digests():
+    text = 'row | 1.0 | 2.0\n' * 20000
+    packed = feedback.pack(text)
+
+    assert packed['digestParts'] >= 1
+    assert all(len(packed[f'digest{i}']) <= feedback.CHUNK for i in range(packed['digestParts']))
+    assert feedback.unpack(packed) == text
+    assert feedback.unpack(feedback.pack('')) == ''
+
+
+def test_feedback_stores_the_vote_with_the_plan_and_explanation(voted, store):
+    client = app.test_client()
+    response = client.post('/optimize/explain/feedback', json=voted)
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.json
+
+    row, = store.rows
+    assert (row['vote'], row['comment'], row['answer']) == ('down', 'wrong time', 'because')
+    assert row['language'] == 'de'
+    assert row['promptHash'] == feedback.prompt_hash(explain.SYSTEM_PROMPT)
+    assert row['status'] == 'Optimal'
+    assert (row['steps'], row['horizonHours'], row['vehicles'], row['batteries']) == (5, 2, 0, 1)
+    assert row['PartitionKey'] == row['created'].strftime('%Y-%m')
+    assert 'today 10:30 | 15' in feedback.unpack(row)
+
+    # a second vote on the same explanation is another row
+    assert client.post('/optimize/explain/feedback', json={**voted, 'vote': 'up', 'comment': ''}).status_code == 200
+    assert [(r['vote'], r['comment']) for r in feedback.rows(settings)] == [('down', 'wrong time'), ('up', '')]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('change', [{'vote': 'meh'}, {'vote': None}, {'explanation': None}, {'res': {}}])
+def test_feedback_rejects_incomplete_votes(voted, store, change):
+    assert app.test_client().post('/optimize/explain/feedback', json={**voted, **change}).status_code == 400
+    assert store.rows == []
+
+
+def test_explain_stores_nothing(payload, configured, store, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(explain, 'chat', lambda _settings, _messages: ('because', {}))
+    response = app.test_client().post('/optimize/explain', json=payload)
+
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json == {'explanation': 'because'}
+    assert store.rows == []
+
+
+def test_feedback_without_store_is_503(voted):
+    assert app.test_client().post('/optimize/explain/feedback', json=voted).status_code == 503
+
+
+def test_store_failure_is_502(voted, store, monkeypatch):
+    def broken(*_args, **_kwargs):
+        raise RuntimeError('table offline')
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(feedback, 'store', broken)
+    response = app.test_client().post('/optimize/explain/feedback', json=voted)
+
+    assert response.status_code == 502
+    assert 'table offline' in response.json['message']
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 4dfb0ff2c..511006725 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -41,6 +41,50 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9e/43/53afb8ba17218f19b77c7834128566c5bbb100a0ad9ba2e8e89d089d7079/autopep8-2.3.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ce8ad498672c845a0c3de2629c15b635ec2b05ef8177a6e7c91c74f3e9b51128", size = 45807, upload-time = "2025-01-14T14:46:15.466Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "azure-core"
+version = "1.41.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "requests" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a6/f3/b416179e408990df5db0d516283022dde0f5d0111d98c1a848e41853e81c/azure_core-1.41.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f46ff5dfcd230f25cf1c19e8a34b8dc08a337b2503e268bb600a16c00db8ad5a", size = 381042, upload-time = "2026-05-07T23:30:54.302Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5b/db/325c6d7312d2200251c52323878281045aaffcb5586612296484e4280eaa/azure_core-1.41.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:522b4011e8180b1a3dcd2024396a4e7fe9ac37fb8597db47163d230b5efe892d", size = 220920, upload-time = "2026-05-07T23:30:56.357Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "azure-data-tables"
+version = "12.7.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "azure-core" },
+    { name = "isodate" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+    { name = "yarl" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ad/b8/e76cfa7f5f847722664c6f8108c391deadcb9d9aad579650c128affd4669/azure_data_tables-12.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b14fc94a3223a2835ff5688e17d8e107b27c7cd7c4114138f2ac81373723705d", size = 258650, upload-time = "2025-05-06T17:51:06.323Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/14/3e/2b8da274b49402659cd732def2ae217f2e86312278feb56b55ccbffbbc26/azure_data_tables-12.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:24ed9b5690aa46c213182e32bb1b39a68dd9f526d84f447c287e3a401b437c10", size = 133178, upload-time = "2025-05-06T17:51:07.65Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "azure-identity"
+version = "1.26.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "azure-core" },
+    { name = "cryptography" },
+    { name = "msal" },
+    { name = "msal-extensions" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e6/87/e88098a024d74b7434de5b110c261da024fe5d6c139f1847f6f8a2b76678/azure_identity-1.26.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:61b4538b87df10d2d6d44b77cd5ea28a8929fd4929d58b45bf3f230f7daba02e", size = 310151, upload-time = "2026-10-01T14:17:47.825Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b2/d5/ae45ce8009d0d015304b206c7c4a6cbab02c03f8f07eedefb32b099ccee3/azure_identity-1.26.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:3c60d9682b3ac01507388d474cb5a5ffbe54152a96b6cdcaa7013da9315cf186", size = 195958, upload-time = "2026-10-01T14:17:49.705Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bidict"
 version = "0.23.1"
@@ -209,6 +253,56 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/15/6e/2c65834041468bcabb956c5e4465ad240af7f312b2d8b54d7c9a51b26885/cpsat_logutils-1.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:02112cc460d30aeab3a591592bfa09cc5705fa3745d5d418a7339e8843c14e5d", size = 37338, upload-time = "2026-09-06T16:09:13.47Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cryptography"
+version = "50.0.2"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "cffi", marker = "platform_python_implementation != 'PyPy'" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9d/af/182eb91b0df3fe75c4d9f26fe70684569566745f6ba7e5c9c73a862c5252/cryptography-50.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7b46165bb56eb4704e2eaaf86f3c940d19154535d9b0ca7d6d590b04060e00d5", size = 880623, upload-time = "2026-09-30T15:30:04.884Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e5/56/d194340cc4a57535e82e1bee9e89667ac4b7c13b5d3f59686deae3094dd5/cryptography-50.0.2-cp311-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:fa8f5efb344d6908a1ce62f4a24e2e5780f825d6f53f5f50ec5ffacac72936cb", size = 3914904, upload-time = "2026-09-30T14:43:44.339Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d9/69/c9bd862c3bf43d6399c433caf002df16e2dffd4be49bdf515cda38038711/cryptography-50.0.2-cp311-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:79def8d059362e7831389ed3be0ecdf58a89386e1271e35dd9f5af84e81bffd0", size = 4731146, upload-time = "2026-09-30T14:43:47.113Z" },
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 source = { editable = "." }
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