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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <title> Alexander Friedrich </title> <meta name="author" content="Alexander Friedrich"> <meta name="description" content="Alexander Friedrich, physicist. Atom interferometry, optical atomic clocks, frequency metrology, quantum sensing, quantum field theory in curved and non-inertial spacetimes. "> <meta name="keywords" content="Alexander Friedrich, physics, atom interferometry, optical atomic clocks, frequency metrology, quantum sensing, general relativity, quantum field theory"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https:; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https:; img-src 'self' data: https:; font-src 'self' data: https:; media-src 'self' https:; frame-src 'self' https:; connect-src 'self' https:;"> <style>
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</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/al_email_protect/css/email-protect.css"> </head> <body class="fixed-top-nav "> <header> <nav id="navbar" class="navbar navbar-light navbar-expand-sm fixed-top" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <button class="navbar-toggler collapsed navbar-toggler-main" type="button" data-nav-toggle="navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar top-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar middle-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar bottom-bar"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse navbar-collapse-main" id="navbarNav"> <ul class="navbar-nav navbar-menu-list flex-nowrap"> <li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/">About <span class="sr-only">(current)</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" href="/publications/">Publications </a> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" href="/projects/">Projects </a> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" href="/notes/">Notes </a> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" href="/blog/">Blog </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <button id="search-toggle" type="button" title="Search" aria-label="Open search"> <span class="nav-link">ctrl k <i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass"></i></span> </button> </li> <li class="toggle-container"> <button id="light-toggle" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change color theme"> <i class="fa-half-sun-moon" id="light-toggle-system"></i> <i class="fa-solid fa-moon" id="light-toggle-dark"></i> <i class="fa-solid fa-sun" id="light-toggle-light"></i> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <progress id="progress" value="0"> <div class="progress-container"> <span class="progress-bar"></span> </div> </progress> </header> <div class="container mt-5" role="main"> <div class="post"> <div class="profile float-right site-profile"> <figure> <picture> <source class="responsive-img-srcset" srcset="/assets/img/prof_pic-480.webp 480w,/assets/img/prof_pic-800.webp 800w,/assets/img/prof_pic-1400.webp 1400w," type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 930px) 189.0px, (min-width: 576px) 21vw, 45vw"> <img src="/assets/img/prof_pic.png?v=c0e81894dfa3e9f75c90f29889818f56" class="img-fluid rounded-circle" width="100%" height="auto" alt="Alexander Friedrich" loading="eager" onerror="this.onerror=null; document.querySelectorAll('.responsive-img-srcset').forEach(function (n) { n.remove(); });"> </source></picture> </figure> <div class="social profile-social"> <div class="contact-icons"> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0588-1989" title="Orcid id" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-orcid"></i></a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=MdvXxv0AAAAJ" title="Scholar userid" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a> <a href="https://github.com/hyperion-git" title="Github username" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-github"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexander-friedrich-ab0704200" title="Linkedin username" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a> <a href="/feed.xml" title="Rss icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-square-rss"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="profile-location"> <i class="fa-solid fa-location-dot" aria-hidden="true"></i> Ulm, Germany</div> </div> <header class="post-header"> <h1 class="post-title"> <span class="font-weight-bold">Alexander</span> Friedrich </h1> <p class="desc">Physicist, PhD</p> </header> <article class="site-column"> <div class="clearfix"> <p>I am a physicist. My work sits where precision measurement meets fundamental physics. On the one side: light-pulse atom interferometers, optical atomic clocks, frequency metrology and quantum sensing – instruments that measure time, frequency and acceleration to a precision little else can match. On the other side: the question of what such instruments can tell us about gravity, in particular through tests of the equivalence principle, relativistic effects in matter-wave interferometers and quantum field theory in curved and non-inertial spacetimes.</p> <p>In short, I like very good clocks and rulers, and I like to ask what they can measure that nothing else can.</p> <p>In the following you will find my <a href="/publications/">publications</a>, a few <a href="/projects/">projects</a>, short technical <a href="/notes/">notes</a> and, on occasion, a <a href="/blog/">blog</a> post.</p> </div> <h2> <a href="/publications/" style="color: inherit">selected publications</a> </h2> <div class="publications"> <ol class="bibliography"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-sm-2 abbr"> <abbr class="badge rounded w-100"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.605121" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Opt. Express</a> </abbr> </div> <div id="Weller2026" class="col-sm-8"> <div class="title">Molecular iodine at 508 nm: hyperfine spectroscopy and operating regimes for optical frequency references</div> <div class="author"> M. Weller, K. Rostan, <em>A. Friedrich</em>, and <span class="more-authors" title="click to view 5 more authors" onclick=" var element=this; element.setAttribute('title', ''); var more_authors_text=element.textContent == '5 more authors' ? 'J. Wüst, M. Oswald, F. Kuschewski, T. Schuldt, C. Braxmaier' : '5 more authors'; var cursorPosition=0; var textAdder=setInterval(function(){ element.innerHTML = more_authors_text.substring(0, cursorPosition + 1); if (++cursorPosition == more_authors_text.length){ clearInterval(textAdder); } }, '10'); ">5 more authors</span> </div> <div class="periodical"> <em>Optics Express</em>, Aug 2026 </div> <div class="periodical"> </div> <div class="links"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.605121" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">DOI</a> <a class="bibtex btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button">Bib</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.605121" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">HTML</a> </div> <div class="bibtex hidden"> <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bibtex" data-lang="bibtex"><span class="nc">@article</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">Weller2026</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">title</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{{Molecular iodine at 508 nm: hyperfine spectroscopy and operating regimes for optical frequency references}}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">author</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Weller, M. and Rostan, K. and Friedrich, A. and Wüst, J. and Oswald, M. and Kuschewski, F. and Schuldt, T. and Braxmaier, C.}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">journal</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Optics Express}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">publisher</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Optica Publishing Group}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">volume</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{34}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">number</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{17}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">pages</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{31567}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">month</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">aug</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">year</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2026}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">doi</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{10.1364/oe.605121}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-sm-2 abbr"> <abbr class="badge rounded w-100"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.143.S52" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">APPA</a> </abbr> </div> <div id="Friedrich2023" class="col-sm-8"> <div class="title">The Wave Functional of the Vacuum in a Resonator</div> <div class="author"> <em>A. Friedrich</em>, D. Moll, M. Freyberger, and <span class="more-authors" title="click to view 2 more authors" onclick=" var element=this; element.setAttribute('title', ''); var more_authors_text=element.textContent == '2 more authors' ? 'L. Plimak, W. P. Schleich' : '2 more authors'; var cursorPosition=0; var textAdder=setInterval(function(){ element.innerHTML = more_authors_text.substring(0, cursorPosition + 1); if (++cursorPosition == more_authors_text.length){ clearInterval(textAdder); } }, '10'); ">2 more authors</span> </div> <div class="periodical"> <em>Acta Phys. Pol. A</em>, Jun 2023 </div> <div class="periodical"> </div> <div class="links"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.143.S52" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">DOI</a> <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.13147" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">arXiv</a> <a class="bibtex btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button">Bib</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.143.S52" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">HTML</a> </div> <div class="bibtex hidden"> <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bibtex" data-lang="bibtex"><span class="nc">@article</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">Friedrich2023</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">title</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{{The Wave Functional of the Vacuum in a Resonator}}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">author</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Friedrich, A. and Moll, D. and Freyberger, M. and Plimak, L. and Schleich, W. P.}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">journal</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Acta Phys. Pol. A}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">volume</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{143}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">number</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{6}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">pages</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{S52--S77}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">issn</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{1898-794X}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">month</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">jun</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">year</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2023}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">doi</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{10.12693/APhysPolA.143.S52}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-sm-2 abbr"> <abbr class="badge rounded w-100"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040333" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">PRX Quantum</a> </abbr> </div> <div id="DiPumpo2021" class="col-sm-8"> <div class="title">Gravitational Redshift Tests with Atomic Clocks and Atom Interferometers</div> <div class="author"> F. Di Pumpo, C. Ufrecht, <em>A. Friedrich</em>, and <span class="more-authors" title="click to view 3 more authors" onclick=" var element=this; element.setAttribute('title', ''); var more_authors_text=element.textContent == '3 more authors' ? 'E. Giese, W. P. Schleich, W. G. Unruh' : '3 more authors'; var cursorPosition=0; var textAdder=setInterval(function(){ element.innerHTML = more_authors_text.substring(0, cursorPosition + 1); if (++cursorPosition == more_authors_text.length){ clearInterval(textAdder); } }, '10'); ">3 more authors</span> </div> <div class="periodical"> <em>PRX Quantum</em>, Nov 2021 </div> <div class="periodical"> </div> <div class="links"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040333" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">DOI</a> <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.14391" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">arXiv</a> <a class="bibtex btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button">Bib</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040333" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">HTML</a> </div> <div class="bibtex hidden"> <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bibtex" data-lang="bibtex"><span class="nc">@article</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">DiPumpo2021</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">title</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{{Gravitational Redshift Tests with Atomic Clocks and Atom Interferometers}}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">author</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Di Pumpo, F. and Ufrecht, C. and Friedrich, A. and Giese, E. and Schleich, W. P. and Unruh, W. G.}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">journal</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{PRX Quantum}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">publisher</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{American Physical Society}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">volume</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">issue</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{4}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">pages</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{040333}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">numpages</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{23}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">month</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">nov</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">year</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2021}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">doi</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040333}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-sm-2 abbr"> <abbr class="badge rounded w-100"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043240" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">PRR</a> </abbr> </div> <div id="Ufrecht2020" class="col-sm-8"> <div class="title">Atom-interferometric test of the universality of gravitational redshift and free fall</div> <div class="author"> C. Ufrecht, F. Di Pumpo, <em>A. Friedrich</em>, and <span class="more-authors" title="click to view 6 more authors" onclick=" var element=this; element.setAttribute('title', ''); var more_authors_text=element.textContent == '6 more authors' ? 'A. Roura, C. Schubert, D. Schlippert, E. M. Rasel, W. P. Schleich, E. Giese' : '6 more authors'; var cursorPosition=0; var textAdder=setInterval(function(){ element.innerHTML = more_authors_text.substring(0, cursorPosition + 1); if (++cursorPosition == more_authors_text.length){ clearInterval(textAdder); } }, '10'); ">6 more authors</span> </div> <div class="periodical"> <em>Phys. Rev. Res.</em>, Nov 2020 </div> <div class="periodical"> </div> <div class="links"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043240" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">DOI</a> <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09754" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">arXiv</a> <a class="bibtex btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button">Bib</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043240" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">HTML</a> </div> <div class="bibtex hidden"> <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bibtex" data-lang="bibtex"><span class="nc">@article</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">Ufrecht2020</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">title</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{{Atom-interferometric test of the universality of gravitational redshift and free fall}}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">author</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Ufrecht, C. and Di Pumpo, F. and Friedrich, A. and Roura, A. and Schubert, C. and Schlippert, D. and Rasel, E. M. and Schleich, W. P. and Giese, E.}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">journal</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Phys. Rev. Res.}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">publisher</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{American Physical Society}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">volume</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">issue</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{4}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">pages</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{043240}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">numpages</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{9}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">month</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">nov</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">year</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2020}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">doi</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043240}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-sm-2 abbr"> <abbr class="badge rounded w-100"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8966" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Sci. Adv.</a> </abbr> </div> <div id="Loriani2019" class="col-sm-8"> <div class="title">Interference of clocks: A quantum twin paradox</div> <div class="author"> S. Loriani, <em>A. Friedrich</em>, C. Ufrecht, and <span class="more-authors" title="click to view 15 more authors" onclick=" var element=this; element.setAttribute('title', ''); var more_authors_text=element.textContent == '15 more authors' ? 'F. Di Pumpo, S. Kleinert, S. Abend, N. Gaaloul, C. Meiners, C. Schubert, D. Tell, É. Wodey, M. Zych, W. Ertmer, A. Roura, D. Schlippert, W. P. Schleich, E. M. Rasel, E. Giese' : '15 more authors'; var cursorPosition=0; var textAdder=setInterval(function(){ element.innerHTML = more_authors_text.substring(0, cursorPosition + 1); if (++cursorPosition == more_authors_text.length){ clearInterval(textAdder); } }, '10'); ">15 more authors</span> </div> <div class="periodical"> <em>Sci. Adv.</em>, Oct 2019 </div> <div class="periodical"> </div> <div class="links"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8966" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">DOI</a> <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09102" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">arXiv</a> <a class="bibtex btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button">Bib</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8966" class="btn btn-sm z-depth-0" role="button" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">HTML</a> </div> <div class="bibtex hidden"> <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bibtex" data-lang="bibtex"><span class="nc">@article</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">Loriani2019</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">title</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{{Interference of clocks: A quantum twin paradox}}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">author</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Loriani, S. and Friedrich, A. and Ufrecht, C. and Di Pumpo, F. and Kleinert, S. and Abend, S. and Gaaloul, N. and Meiners, C. and Schubert, C. and Tell, D. and Wodey, {\'{E}}. and Zych, M. and Ertmer, W. and Roura, A. and Schlippert, D. and Schleich, W. P. and Rasel, E. M. and Giese, E.}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">journal</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{Sci. Adv.}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">volume</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{5}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">number</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{10}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">pages</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{eaax8966}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">issn</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2375-2548}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">month</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">oct</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">year</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{2019}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="na">doi</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">{10.1126/sciadv.aax8966}</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ol> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="fixed-bottom" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container mt-0"> <span class="footer-item"><a href="/impressum/">Impressum</a></span> <span class="footer-sep" aria-hidden="true">·</span> <span class="footer-item">Built with <a href="https://github.com/alshedivat/al-folio" rel="external nofollow noopener" target="_blank">al-folio</a></span> <span class="footer-sep" aria-hidden="true">·</span> <span class="footer-item">2026</span> </div> </footer> <script>
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