diff --git a/docs/flows.md b/docs/flows.md
index 36a1ebba9a..7f8dcab977 100644
--- a/docs/flows.md
+++ b/docs/flows.md
@@ -652,6 +652,8 @@ Prompts support `${args.*}` and `${step.*}` placeholders:
 
 Dot-paths walk nested `map[string]any` values one segment at a time. If any segment is missing or points to a non-map value, the literal placeholder is preserved so downstream tooling (e.g. `flow.session.prefix` validation) can flag the miss. Top-level exact-key match wins first, so a flat key that literally contains a dot (e.g. `"a.b"` in args) resolves before the resolver falls back to walking `a["b"]`. Predicates use the same resolver, so `${args.reviewer.email} == user@x.com` works in `if:` rules.
 
+Scalar values substitute as plain text (a string verbatim, so quoting in the prompt like `aid: "${args.aid}"` stays valid). A value that is an **array or object** — typically a prior step's structured-output field merged into args — renders as **compact JSON**, so a placeholder like `${args.cited_figures}` hands the model machine-readable data rather than Go's `[map[k:v] ...]` notation. Numbers render in plain decimal (`1000000`, never `1e+06`) whether they sit at the top level or nested inside a composite, and neither form HTML-escapes `<`, `>` or `&`, so URLs with query strings survive intact. Rendering applies to prompts only — `if:` predicates compare against the resolved value's `fmt` form, so predicates on whole arrays/objects are not meaningful (use `sizeof ${args.items}` or a dot-path to a scalar leaf instead).
+
 Step-scoped variables are substituted first so they cannot be shadowed by args of the same name.
 
 Arguments accumulate as the flow progresses. When a step produces structured output, its fields are merged into the args map for subsequent steps. `${step.*}` values are **not** merged into args — they exist only for rendering/predicates and do not leak into downstream steps.
diff --git a/internal/flow/service.go b/internal/flow/service.go
index f484fad0ce..d4cf91ee17 100644
--- a/internal/flow/service.go
+++ b/internal/flow/service.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -1930,11 +1931,11 @@ func substituteScoped(template string, args map[string]any, stepVars map[string]
 	}
 
 	if strings.Contains(template, "${args}") {
-		argsJSON, err := json.MarshalIndent(args, "", "  ")
+		argsJSON, err := marshalPromptJSON(args, "  ")
 		if err != nil {
-			argsJSON = []byte("{}")
+			argsJSON = "{}"
 		}
-		template = strings.ReplaceAll(template, "${args}", string(argsJSON))
+		template = strings.ReplaceAll(template, "${args}", argsJSON)
 	}
 
 	return argsPlaceholderRegex.ReplaceAllStringFunc(template, func(match string) string {
@@ -1947,10 +1948,58 @@ func substituteScoped(template string, args map[string]any, stepVars map[string]
 			// behaviour and lets resolveSessionPrefix detect misses.
 			return match
 		}
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%v", value)
+		return renderTemplateValue(value)
 	})
 }
 
+// renderTemplateValue converts a resolved placeholder value to its prompt
+// representation. Strings substitute verbatim, so `"${args.aid}"` in a
+// prompt stays valid.
+//
+// Composite values — a struct-output array/object merged into args, e.g.
+// cited_figures — render as compact JSON: fmt's `[map[k:v] ...]` notation
+// is lossy (unquoted, ambiguous around spaces) and models mis-read it
+// (CD-4975). Only the JSON-shaped types are matched because every args
+// value passes through json.Unmarshal (flow-state rows, struct output,
+// the /flow/run body) and copyArgs' marshal/unmarshal round-trip, so
+// composites are always map[string]any / []any.
+//
+// That same round-trip makes EVERY args number a float64, and fmt renders
+// those with %g — a round million reaches the prompt as `1e+06` and a
+// millisecond epoch as `1.7e+12`, while the identical number nested inside
+// a composite renders as plain digits through encoding/json. Formatting
+// floats with 'f' keeps the scalar and composite paths agreeing.
+func renderTemplateValue(value any) string {
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case map[string]any, []any:
+		if s, err := marshalPromptJSON(v, ""); err == nil {
+			return s
+		}
+	case float64:
+		return strconv.FormatFloat(v, 'f', -1, 64)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", value)
+}
+
+// marshalPromptJSON encodes v as JSON destined for a prompt. HTML escaping
+// is OFF: json.Marshal rewrites `<`, `>` and `&` as \u003c / \u003e /
+// \u0026, which is noise for a model and shows up in ordinary args — URLs
+// with query strings (`?a=1&b=2`), claims like "save rate > 25%". An empty
+// indent yields the compact single-line form. json.Encoder appends a
+// trailing newline that has no place mid-prompt, so strip it.
+func marshalPromptJSON(v any, indent string) (string, error) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
+	enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+	if indent != "" {
+		enc.SetIndent("", indent)
+	}
+	if err := enc.Encode(v); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return strings.TrimRight(buf.String(), "\n"), nil
+}
+
 // resolveArgsPath resolves a dot-path against args. Top-level exact-key
 // match wins first (preserves backward compatibility with any flat key
 // that literally contains a dot); otherwise the path is split on `.`
diff --git a/internal/flow/service_test.go b/internal/flow/service_test.go
index 289d1558d4..56114b5384 100644
--- a/internal/flow/service_test.go
+++ b/internal/flow/service_test.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package flow
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -179,6 +180,99 @@ func TestSubstituteScoped_BareArgsStillJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSubstituteScoped_ArrayOfObjectsRendersAsJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	// A composite value merged into args from a step's struct output
+	// (e.g. cancel-survey-audit's cited_figures) must render as JSON,
+	// not fmt's `[map[k:v] ...]` Go notation (CD-4975).
+	args := map[string]any{
+		"cited_figures": []any{
+			map[string]any{"claim": "Total cancel events", "value": float64(1882), "unit": "count"},
+			map[string]any{"claim": "Client overall save rate", "value": float64(29), "unit": "percent"},
+		},
+	}
+	got := substituteScoped("figures: ${args.cited_figures}", args, nil)
+	want := `figures: [{"claim":"Total cancel events","unit":"count","value":1882},` +
+		`{"claim":"Client overall save rate","unit":"percent","value":29}]`
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("substituteScoped() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+	if containsSubstring(got, "map[") {
+		t.Errorf("substituteScoped() leaked Go map notation: %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteScoped_ObjectValueRendersAsJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	// Same for a nested object resolved as a whole (not via a dot-path
+	// into a scalar leaf).
+	args := map[string]any{
+		"reviewer": map[string]any{"email": "u@x.com", "name": "U"},
+	}
+	got := substituteScoped("${args.reviewer}", args, nil)
+	want := `{"email":"u@x.com","name":"U"}`
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("substituteScoped() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteScoped_CompositeJSONDoesNotHTMLEscape(t *testing.T) {
+	// json.Marshal would rewrite `>` and `&` as \u003e / \u0026. Those
+	// show up in ordinary struct output (URLs with query strings, prose
+	// comparisons) and are noise in a prompt.
+	args := map[string]any{
+		"cited_figures": []any{
+			map[string]any{"claim": "save rate > 25%", "url": "https://x.io/a?b=1&c=2"},
+		},
+	}
+	got := substituteScoped("${args.cited_figures}", args, nil)
+	want := `[{"claim":"save rate > 25%","url":"https://x.io/a?b=1&c=2"}]`
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("substituteScoped() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteScoped_BareArgsDoesNotHTMLEscape(t *testing.T) {
+	args := map[string]any{"url": "https://x.io/a?b=1&c=2"}
+	got := substituteScoped("${args}", args, nil)
+	if containsSubstring(got, `\u0026`) {
+		t.Errorf("bare ${args} HTML-escaped the payload: %q", got)
+	}
+	if !containsSubstring(got, `"url": "https://x.io/a?b=1&c=2"`) {
+		t.Errorf("bare ${args} = %q, want the unescaped URL", got)
+	}
+	if strings.HasSuffix(got, "\n") {
+		t.Errorf("bare ${args} kept the encoder's trailing newline: %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteScoped_FloatScalarsRenderAsPlainDecimal(t *testing.T) {
+	// copyArgs' JSON round-trip makes every args number a float64, and
+	// fmt's %g would emit `1e+06` / `1.7e+12` — while the same number
+	// nested in a composite renders as plain digits. Both paths must agree.
+	args := map[string]any{
+		"count":     float64(1000000),
+		"timestamp": float64(1699999999999),
+		"ratio":     float64(0.25),
+		"whole":     float64(29),
+		"nested":    map[string]any{"count": float64(1000000)},
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		template string
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{"${args.count}", "1000000"},
+		{"${args.timestamp}", "1699999999999"},
+		{"${args.ratio}", "0.25"},
+		{"${args.whole}", "29"},
+		{"${args.nested.count}", "1000000"},
+		{"${args.nested}", `{"count":1000000}`},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := substituteScoped(tt.template, args, nil); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("substituteScoped(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.template, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSubstituteArgs(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string